![]() ![]() Moreover, the internal courts and their legal practices were an expression of the Jewish Councils’ aim to regulate everyday life and to keep up a certain ‘social normality’ within the communities of coercion.īetween 19, the Germans and their helpers murdered six million Jews throughout Europe. Overall, the Jewish Councils formulated their own definitions of ‘criminality’ and ‘law’ as far as possible in order to implement their specific strategies of survival. When forced to punish offenses on German orders, they tried to take ‘attenuating circumstances’ into account. ![]() Before the internal courts, the legal personnel judged specific ghetto offenses, which were classified as ‘criminal’ because they could trigger brutal intervention by the Germans. However, the Councils tried to probe certain rooms for maneuver in favor of the ‘well-being’ of the ghetto community. In the light of German arbitrariness, brutality and murder, the Jewish Councils were forced to fulfill ever-changing German demands, including their conceptions of ‘law and order’ in the ghettos. ![]() ![]() The dilemma of the Jewish Councils was reflected by these institutions and their legal practice. During World War II, the Jewish Councils established improvised courts in the ghettos of Lodz,Warsaw and Vilna. ![]()
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